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Speleology
Speleology (also spelled spelæology or spelaeology) is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term speleology is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as caving, spelunking or potholing. Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for in situ study are the same. Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of chemistry, biology, geology, physics, meteorology and cartography to develop portraits of caves as complex, evolving systems.
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焦
Transportation; Railway
早期的蒸汽機車在英國使用焦炭作為燃料,而不是煤,因為早期的法律要求,機車應 '消耗自己的煙'。煤炭生產煙時燒而焦碳燃燒煙幾乎免費。焦是由加熱軟煤密閉烤箱中創建的。加熱,如煤分解給硬、 多孔、 灰白色的物質,稱為焦,其中包含幾乎 90 % 的碳。燃燒時,可樂產生強烈的、 無煙熱。焦的副產品製造是煤氣、 被廣泛用於工業和國內天然氣從北海到來之前,英國加熱。因此, ...